A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner - 1499 Words

In the short story, â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† by William Faulkner, the reader recognizes the harsh reality of a woman’s inability to open up to a new and ever changing world. Emily Grierson is a lonely, mysterious woman, who lives with her father in a large, post civil war era home. Emily’s father was a controlling man and sent away each man that tried to court Emily. All Emily inherited after her father’s death was the house. However the town thought she had the right to â€Å"cling to that which had robbed her.†(Faulkner 311) Things started to look better for Emily when she met a handsome northerner. Homer Barron was the head of a work crew from the North. The crew was hired to pave the sidewalks in Jefferson. Homer and Emily begin to see each†¦show more content†¦The town quickly intervened and removed the body. However reclusive Miss. Emily seemed, not realizing the full reality of death presented greater problems with her instability, especially since it ran in her family. . Miss. Emily has a history of instability in her family â€Å"old lady Wyatt, her great-aunt, had gone completely crazy at last, believed that the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were.†(Faulkner 311) A delegation is sent to Miss. Emily’s house to tell her that she has to pay taxes now, regardless of what Colonel Sartoris said. Emily simply tells them, â€Å"See Colonel Sartoris. I have no taxes in Jefferson.†(Faulkner 309) Miss. Emily, unfortunately, begins to exhibit signs of crazy. She does not seem to comprehend death or the past because later we find that, â€Å"†See Colonel Sartoris.† (Colonel Sartoris had been dead almost ten years).†(Faulkner 310) Colonel Sartoris is no longer alive. Miss. Emily does not know this information. The reader may perceive Miss. Emily to not know about the death of Colonel Sartoris as a result of her reclusive behavior and lack of communication with the town and people. Howe ver, when the reader continues the story, he or she finds that Emily has been keeping her deadShow MoreRelatedA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner923 Words   |  4 PagesA Rose for Emily; A Tale of The Old South William Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi in 1897 but lived most of his life in Oxford, a small town nearby. After dropping out of high school then briefly joining the Canadian Air Force, he returned home and completed three terms at the University of Mississippi (Fulton 27). During his early twenties Faulkner spent time in New Orleans and Europe before returning to Oxford and publishing his first book of poems. In 1929 he married Estelle FranklinRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1729 Words   |  7 PagesJune 24, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† In every neighborhood there is always that one house that is a mystery to everyone. A house that everyone wants to know about, but nobody can seem to be able to dig up any answers. It’s the type of place that you would take any opportunity or excuse to get to explore. The littler that is known, the more the curiosity increases about this mysterious place or person. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, this mysterious person is Emily Grierson, andRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner949 Words   |  4 PagesIn William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† it is clear how Emily’s gender affects how the individuals in the town perceive her. Emily’s gender particularly affects how men understand her. Throughout the whole piece Emily is seen as a helpless individual who is lonely and has suffered losses throughout her life. When the reader reaches the end of the story the actions that Emily has taken is unexpected because of the way she is perceived by the narrator. In the beginning of the story, when the wholeRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1577 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Sarah Markins Dr. Bibby ENG 107 February 11, 2015 â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by William Faulkner in 1931, follows a series of peculiar events in Miss Emily Griersons life. Written in third person limited, Faulkner utilizes flashbacks to tell of the period between the death of Emily’s father and her own passing. Split into five short sections, the story starts out with the townspeople of Jefferson remembering Emily’s legacy and how each new generation ofRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1552 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Dunn Mrs. Williams English 11 March 11, 2016 In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the reader is given a glimpse of the internal conflict of the main character, living in the past, and the involvement of an over involved society causing the reader to look into the consciousness of an individual haunted by a past and lack of a future. The story is set in a post-Civil War town in the South. He is able to give the reader a glimpse of the practices and attitudes that had unitedRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1507 Words   |  7 Pages1897, William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi. He stands as one of the most preeminent American writers of the twentieth century. His literary reputation included poetry, novels, short stories, and screenplays. Faulkner won two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction and the Nobel Prize in Literature. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short fascinating story written by William Faulkner and it was his first short story published in a national m agazine. The story involved an old woman named Emily GriersonRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner883 Words   |  4 PagesIn the timeless classic, â€Å"A rose for Emily† by William Faulkner we are introduced to Emily Grierson, a matured sheltered southern woman; born to a proud, aristocratic family presumably during the American Civil War. Through out the short story William Faulkner uses many literary devices such as symbolism, metaphors and allegory to play with â€Å"time† and how time reflects upon his main character Emily Grierson. Emily being one who denies the ability to see time for what it is linear and unchangeableRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1270 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† thoroughly examines the life of a strange woman name Emily Grierson who lives in the town of Jefferson. If we examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in terms of formalist criticism, we see that the story dramatizes through setting, plot, characterization, and symbolism on how Miss Emily’s life is controlled by a possessive love she had for her father and lover. William Faulkner uses Emily’s life as the protagonist to examine from a formalist aspect. In orderRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1780 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1930, William Faulkner wrote a five-part story entitled â€Å"A Rose for Emily† that follows the life of a young woman named Miss Emily Grierson. Faulkner sets his story in the Old South, soon after the ending of America’s Civil War, and represents the decaying values of the Confederacy (Kirszner Mandell, 2013a, p. 244). One of these values which the text portrays quite often in â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, is the patriarchal custom of society viewing men as having more importance than their female counterpartsRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1277 Words   |  6 PagesMiss Emily Grierson, the main character in the strange short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† written by William Faulkner. It would be best to examine her in a mental capacity as well as the circumstances that may affect her. Throughout the story, Miss Emily’s unpredictable and eccentric behavior becomes unusual, and the reader, like the townspeople in the story, is left to speculate how Miss Emily has spent years living and sleeping with the body of Homer Barron. An important quote from the story was that

Lecture on Short Story - 5432 Words

The short story Narrative genres, such as the novel or the short story, are born out of the very powerful human need to tell stories, out of our fundamental desire to give shape to experience in order to understand it and share it with the community. Through story telling early communities made sense of natural phenomena, unexpected events, and personal experience. Storytelling enabled them to pass on valuable information and to keep the memory of their ancestors alive down the generations. Storytelling satisfies our need to understand and control our origins and destiny; it enables us to meaningfully shape our individual and communal experiences (to extract meaning from experiences that can appear senseless, bewildering or even†¦show more content†¦A Review†, Essays and Reviews, The Library of America. 569-577). Intensity and tension are the two qualities that Poe singles out as distinguishing short narratives from longer narratives like the novel. Poe even prescribes the ideal lengt h of the short tale as that which can be read â€Å"at one sitting† in order to preserve the desired â€Å"unity of impression† without which â€Å"the deepest effects cannot be brought about†. Although Poe understands that there is a danger in extreme brevity (its effects will not be lasting), that danger is far surpassed by the unpardonable sin of extreme length that plagues the novel. The middle point between them is desirable but if, in doubt, the balance is obviously in favour of the short story writer: those who err on the side of brevity can be fickle, those who err on the side of length can become something altogether more unforgivable, they can be bores. Poe’s essays, naturally biased towards the genre at which he excelled, have been extremely influential in our understanding of the genre and its development. His emphasis on technique and construction allows us to understand how the short story departs from other short narratives like theShow MoreRelatedSchool And Community Context : Westchester Hill School 29 Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagesspecial needs. The classroom accommodate the students with the necessary tools such bathrooms, sinks , bookshelves, blackboards , sighs cards posted in the walls for student with speech impairments , communication or language problems, resting area for story time, playtime, and creativity. †¢ Each student in second grades have the capacity to accomplish the assignments and activities at they own pace. These activities encourage the ELAs’ student to read-aloud and reinforce their listening and attentionRead MoreThe American Gothic in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe1539 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsible for the actions and condition of the character Within this space, or a combination of such spaces, are hidden secrets of the past (sometimes recent past) that haunt the characters psychologically, physically or otherwise at the main time of the story (Hogle, 2003, pg. 2). Gothic tales rely upon and are defined as being tales of mystery and horror. According to A Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory, the Gothic tale contains a strong element of the supernatural... monstrous apparitionsRead MoreThe Course of Human Events725 Words   |  3 Pagesmethods have created a very successful writing career since the late 1960s. In short, n early all of his works have been praised by the public and two of his major works, biographies of John Adams and Harry Truman earned a Pulitzer, two National Book Awards along with two Francis Park Prizes. One of his works, The Course of Human Events, was a lecture he wrote when he achieved the honor of speaking at the Jefferson Lecture. In sum, the work details of the importance of history and education. AfterRead MoreAnalysis Of Friend Of My Youth By Alice Munro1310 Words   |  6 Pagesnot only analyze the story itself but the writing techniques and the deeper meanings, or as the writer, Lynn Blin says the different narratives. Throughout the article itself, she goes into detail about the different narrators and how each narrator sees how the world works and the situations that the characters face. Blin mainly focuses on the words Alice Munro chooses and how she decides to structure her sentences. Blin understands and explains that the author of any story uses a specific wordRead MoreAre Animals are Capable of Reasoning? Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pageshis lectures about the way humans treat animals offered at Princeton University, John Coetzee chose to tell his audience a short fictional story about Elizabeth Costello, an aging female novelist. Costello is invited to give a lecture at Appleton College in any topic she wants, which turns out to be about animals. At first, using a story in a lecture seemed to be interesting, but a story about a novelist delivering a lecture should not be more interesting than Coetzee himself giving a lecture. ConsideringRead MoreHow Lucky You Are by Depi Alper754 Words   |  4 PagesYou Are† is a short story by Debi Alper and was published in 2010. The story begins with in medias res which means that the story is starting in a midpoint and it is about a boy named Max and an Iranian girl named Ishraqi. Max has a crush on Ishraqi. The sit uation between max and Ishraqi changes the way that Max treats his mom. The story takes place in Britain and the plot of the story takes place in one day. The story is told in a third-person-view, and has an open end. The story has 3 parts: Read More The Creative Process in Film Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pages With this short but very interesting and informative class I have just scratched the surface of the what it takes to make a full fleged film. It takes much more than I had presumed to make a movie in Hollywood. The number of people that it takes to make a minute of a movie let alone the entire movie was astonishing to me. There are many things that it takes to start making a movie but without an idea of some sort there is no movie to be made. A crew includes a screenwriter, whose job it isRead MoreUse Of Language In Thomas Hardys On The Western Circuit1136 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hardy’s short story On the Western Circuit is an interesting text that captures the plight of women during Victorian era England. A time when women were treated as second class citizens valued for their conformity to societies standards and not their intellect or individuality. Confined by religious dogma and unable to control their own destinies, our characters must face the consequences of their actions in an era of restrictions. The selected text in Thomas Hardy’s short story, On the WesternRead MoreGranting That Literature, On A Realistic Plane, Is A Replica924 Words   |  4 PagesGranting that literature, on a realistic plane, is a replica of the world, and a short story is the characterization of real life events between real life characters in a manner that is as realistic as possible, sociolinguistics certainly prov ides useful tools and insights in the form of narrative analysis, conversational analysis, conversational maxims and so on. As Fennell and Bennett rightly point out, â€Å"Sociolinguistics in general, not just conversational analysis, has much to offer to literaryRead MoreAnalysis of Hermie1009 Words   |  5 PagesHermie by Nathaniel Rich The short story †Hermie† written by Nathaniel Rich portrays the story of a grown marine biologist, who suddenly sees his childhood imaginary friend the crab, Hermie. Though the story at first sight only portrays an encounter between an adult and a forgotten friend, something much deeper hides beneath this tale. It is the story of an insecure man’s sub conscience. The narrator is a married man, living with his wife and 3-year old daughter in Philadelphia. His well-considered

Factors influence an individual’s self-concept Free Essays

Abstract Self-concept is usually defined, in a generic sense, as the set of images, thoughts and feelings that an individual has of himself/herself. Most authors interpret self-concept as a series of attitudes towards the self, globally integrated by three factors: cognitive, behavioral and affective. Self-concept includes assessments of all parameters that are relevant to an individual’s development: from physical appearance to social and intellectual capacities. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors influence an individual’s self-concept? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay will look at some factors that influence the development of an individual’s self-concept: age, gender, education, media and culture. Self-concept and factors of influence Robert B. Burns (1979) interprets self-concept as a conceptualization that the individual made of her/his own self, being elaborated by powerful emotional and evaluative connotations. Moreover, the subjective beliefs and factual knowledge that the individual attributes to himself/herself are highly personal and intense, varying thereby in degrees to its unique identity. With regard to self-esteem, Burns describe it as the process by which the individual examines his actions, skills and attributes compared to criteria and values that are internalized from society and significant others. However, self-esteem and self-concept are usually considered as interchangeable notions (Byrne, 1996; Harter, 1999). In general terms, it can be distinguished three main characteristic of an individual’s self concept (Bracken, 1996): It is not innate: The individual’s self concept is constantly being formed by experience. Moreover, it also depends on the symbolic language. It is an organized whole: The individual tend to ignore perceived variables that are not adjusted to his/her conceptual whole, conforming thereby his/her own hierarchy of assessments. It is dynamic: It can be modified by a reinterpretation of the own personality or external judgments. Self-concept includes all the parameters that are considered relevant by an individual: from physical appearance to sexual capacities, social and intellectual abilities, age, media, culture, appliance, education, gender, income, environment, etc. Outline of factors that can influence the development of an individual’s self concept As a dynamic attribute, an individual’s self concept is characterized by being in a constant feedback (positive or negative) with the social environment, in which the opinions and assessments of the persons we establish intimate relations with (family, couple, friends), are determinant factors. From the various factors that influence an individual’s self-concept, the focus will be directed towards the following: Age: Self-concept changes during the individual’s life span, being its maximum peak of permeability from seven to twelve years old. It then begins to be formed during childhood and starts to decrease at adolescence. Gender: Although it exists considerable studies about gender differences in self-concept, it seems that there are no conclusive results regarding this issue. Overall, the study of gender differences in self-concept in adolescence has generated considerable interest in recent decades. Despite the fact that the results of these studies are varied, most of them conclude that there are clear gender differences in self-concept, so that girls, particularly after the age of twelve, tend to have worse self-concept than boys. Thus, according to research, age acts as a moderating variable of the differences between girls and boys (Orenstein, 1995). Education: Education is a vital feature for interpersonal development. Academic achievements in the school as well as parental guiding and social interaction, are factors conforming the individual’s self-concept. Media: In contemporary society, the media is a vital factor of influence in the development of individual’s self-concept. Perhaps the most relevant of its effects is on the conception of the body image. In this respect, advertising and marketing has been producing and reproducing a dissociation between ‘ideal body image’ and ‘real body image’. Such dissociation might have pathological effects on individuals (i.e; from eating disorders to anxiety and depression). Culture: Majority of the studies focus on the divergence between Western culture, characterized by a more dependent auto-conception of the self, and Asian culture, in which interdependence stands as the fundamental factor in the development of self-concept. Description of the factors that can influence the development of an individual’s self-concept AGE The definition of oneself from 5-6 to 7-8 years provides an ability to discriminate between different domains of experience. Between 7-8 years and 11-12, there are significant changes in regard to intellectual abilities and social environment, having remarkable implications for both self-concept and self-esteem. During this range of age, children have the ability to compare themselves to others, but the information extracted from such comparisons is just in service of self-evaluation (Byrne, 1996). At the end of childhood, there is an increase in the permeability to social values, so the prototypes of each culture become another valuable source of comparison, which, in most cases, contribute to the discrepancy between the ‘real self’ and ‘ideal self’ (Harter, 1999). GENDER According to current research, age acts as a moderating variable of the differences in girls and boys. In this respect, there are empirical evidence showing that girls have a positive perception of themselves during primary education and yet around twelve, it is produced a decrease in self-confidence and acceptance of body image (Orenstein, 1995). The role of women in society may be among the factors behind this decline in female self-esteem. Thus, the observation of what happens in their surroundings, take the girls to infer that their social role is secondary to that played by men. By contrast, Crain (1996) insists that it is indispensable to remember that the gap between boys and girls about the different facets of self-concept is not exceedingly large, and thus such theories have a limited clinical and educational significance. Girls and boys are more alike than different, and the divergence between male and female are fairly consistent with gender stereotypes. EDUCATION Fundamentally within the field of Educational Psychology, there has been a constant preoccupation regarding the links between self-concept and academic performance. However, there is a lack of evidence indicating the precise nature of the relationship between both variables (Marsh and Seeshing, 1997). What it is clear about the role of education in the development of an individual’s self-concept is that it not only intervenes the relationship teacher-pupil, but also the rest of professionals within the educational system. Importantly, since education does not end in the school, family is key for a positive development of self-concept. MEDIA The media has been played a fundamental role in how individuals perceive themselves. Importantly, marketing and advertising have been contributed to a general attitude of compulsive consumption as well as to the creation of an ideal body image as a way to personal and professional success. Such strong pressure from the media about unattainable aesthetic models has as its immediate result an increase of personal dissatisfaction along with a rise in metal pathologies, such as depression, anxiety or eating disorders (Cash, 2011). However, research shows that subjects with a positive self-concept are less vulnerable to the influence of the media than those with a lower self-esteem CULTURE Majority of research on cultural differences in self-concept is focused on the comparison between Asian and Western culture. The former, collectivistic and vertical societies (high power distance), report higher belief in cognitive-behavioral consistency, share more belief related to dependent affiliation, but also agree more with belief related to achievement, self-direction and distinctiveness motivation (Smith and Bond, 1998). By contrast, subjects from Western culture, vertical individualistic societies, report higher agreement with need for uniqueness and higher level of behavioral flexibility. Some authors state that such characteristics of individuals from Western culture are due to a higher importance of positive self-representation (Worchel et al, 1998) Conclusion An individual’s self-concept undergoes notable changes during development, evolving from a structure in which diverse dominions of experience are distinguished to another stage in which the fundamental aspects are integration and high-level abstractions. In summary, the development of the self-concept during the life span of an individual is subjected to multiple factors of influence. References Ashmore, R., y Jussim, L. (1997). Self and identity. Fundamental issues. New York: Oxford University. Bracken, B. (1996). Handbook of self-concept. New York: John Wiley y Sons. Burns, R. B. (1979). The self-concept: Theory, measurement, development and behavior. New York: Logman. Byrne, B. M. (1996). Measuring self-concept across the life span: Issues and instrumentation. Washington, DC: American Psychologist Association. Cash, T. F. (Ed.). (2011). Body image: A handbook of science, practice and prevention. New York: The Guilford Press. Crain, M. (1996). The influence of age, race and gender on child and adolescent self-concept. In B. A. Bracken (Ed.), Handbook of self-concept. (pp. 395-420). New York: Wiley. Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: The Guilford Press. Marsh, H. W., Seeshing, A. (1997). Causal effects of academic self-concept on academic achievement: Structural equation of longitudinal data. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 439-456. Orenstein, P. (1995). School girls: Young women, self-esteem and the confidence gap. New York: Anchor. Smith, P. B. Bond, M. H. (1998). Social Psychology across cultures (2nd ed.). London: Prentice Hall Europe. Worchel, S. Morales, J.F., Paez, D. Deschamps, J-C. (1998). Social identity. International perspectives. London: Sage. How to cite Factors influence an individual’s self-concept?, Essay examples

Embracing Ethnicity free essay sample

The you-pick-two special. Looking up at the Panera menu, it looks like I can pick any type of soup and sandwich for a set price. Even if they are smaller, Id still prefer to take the deal and have two items instead of one. Smaller portions doesnt necessarily mean that Im getting less than if I were to get a whole one by itself, but do two halves always add up to one whole? I am reminded of this every day. Having a Japanese father and an American mother comes with some definite trade-offs. I get the good stereotypes and the bad, and the ability to fit in, as well as the ability to be the odd one out. At school I am expected to be smart, therefore when I receive anything lower than an A on an assignment, a spectacle ensues. I can talk to cliques from either ethnicity, but I cant fit into one. We will write a custom essay sample on Embracing Ethnicity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And there is always the student who finds himself the cleverest when he discovers that the two races that make up my ethnicity bombed each other at Pearl Harbor and Hiroshima. Living with the benefit and burden of being half Asian is something I will never trade and never forget. The stereotype of an Asian parent is one that seems to hinder me. I have only one parent who is Asian, therefore, to other Asians, I am not pressured to get good grades and study all the time. Although this is somewhat true, in many aspects it is also very wrong. I am more motivated by myself to get good grades than that of a parent. They look out for me and make sure that I am doing what I need to and putting in all the effort, but when it comes down to it, I know that, in the end, not doing my own work will only hinder myself. I am considered impure because my blood is mixed as well. Although this sounds like a clich, people really do feel like I cant call myself Asian or White, depending on the person talking; as if tainted by one race or the other. If I am associated with a good stereotype, I dont get the full benefit because Im not fully of that race. Although, if associated with a bad stereotype, immediately I am at fault. Because of cases like these, I have devoted a portion of my life to work my way around these stereotypes. My hard work to get good grades gets overshadowed by the stereotype that I am smart because of my heritage. Constantly I wonder why two different halves are often viewed to be less than a whole. Returning back to reality and to my seat, I slowly dip the baguette into the soup it came with. I prefer not to eat the baguette plain because of its lack of flavor, so I dip it in the soup. And I prefer not to throw it away because of my fathers emphasis on not wasting food, so one piece at a time, I coat the end of the baguette with some soup and take a bite. The soup being my favorite part, I long to eat it plain and not have the taste of bread alter it in any way. Instead I continued to dip the baguette into the soup until the baguette has finally been eaten and the soup has only a few spoonfuls left. I wait through the whole baguette to get to the end where I can at last enjoy the slightly warm soup by itself. Finally ready to use the actual spoon to eat the soup, I pause. Im full, I whisper as I pass the bowl across the table. After equalizing the taste of the two foods for so long, it feels almost like a sin to eat the soup alone; as if one is not complete without the other.

Leadership Camp free essay sample

After playing a football game in the rain that lasted over three hours, most high school teenagers would not want to attend anything early the next morning, they would rather sleep. Since it was school related, that also meant that most people would not be in attendance. There was also another reason not to go. That reason was that we would be sitting for five or more hours listening to a speaker. Most kids would not even think of going to this leadership camp, but for me my choice was a little different. I, along with about 50 other classmates, was chosen to attend this leadership camp. This camp was for students that got nominated by teachers, coaches, or the administration for their outstanding leadership skills used in the classroom and in their different athletics. Getting nominated for this camp is not easy, since there are over 2300 students in our school. There is also a certain amount of students from each grade level that get chosen. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Camp or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During the camp, there were activities that included all different groups of students. The main point of the leadership camp was to help create ways for our high school to succeed. We had to come up with ideas to make our school better. One idea was to have more pep assemblies. Our school rarely has them, and as a group we thought that having these assemblies would help unify the students. Another little problem that was though up was with the separation of the sports. We came up with ideas on how all sports could benefit all of the other sports. The plan was for the camp to last all day. With the sun shining bright, and having a chance to be on a lake, I was tempted to leave, but I didn’t. I didn’t leave because our group needed input from me and my friends. After lunch, the camp started to become more interesting, and more fun. With the day coming to the end, we got an opportunity to leave early, but I chose to stay with my friends and swim in the water park. After this leadership camp, I learned that I was one of the leaders of our school, and our school needs all the leaders that it can get.

Halogen Elements and Properties

Halogen Elements and Properties The halogens are a group of elements on the periodic table. It is the only element group that includes elements capable of existing in three of the four main states of matter at room temperature (solids, liquid, gas). The word halogen means salt-producing, because halogens react with metals to produce many important salts. In fact, halogens are so reactive that they do not occur as free elements in nature. Many, however, are common in combination with other elements Here is a look at the identity of these elements, their location on the periodic table, and their common properties. Location of the Halogenson the Periodic Table The halogens are located in Group VIIA of the periodic table  or group 17 using IUPAC nomenclature. The element group is  a particular class of nonmetals. They can be found toward the right-hand side of the table, in a vertical line. List of Halogen Elements There are either five or six halogen elements, depending on how strictly you define the group.  The halogen elements are: Fluorine (F)Chlorine (Cl)Bromine (Br)Iodine (I)Astatine (At)Element 117 (ununseptium, Uus), to a certain extent Although element 117 is in Group VIIA, scientists predict it may behave more like a metalloid than a halogen. Even so, it will share some common properties with the other elements in its group. Properties of the Halogens These reactive nonmetals have seven valence electrons. As a group, halogens exhibit highly variable physical properties. Halogens range from solid (I2) to liquid (Br2) to gaseous (F2 and Cl2) at room temperature. As pure elements, they form diatomic molecules with atoms joined by nonpolar covalent bonds. The chemical properties are more uniform. The halogens have very high electronegativities. Fluorine has the highest electronegativity of all elements. The halogens are particularly reactive with the alkali metals and alkaline earths, forming stable ionic crystals. Summary of Common Properties They are ery high electronegativitiesSeven valence electrons (one short of a stable octet)Highly reactive, especially with alkali metals and alkaline earths. Halogens are the most reactive nonmetals.Because they are so reactive, elemental halogens are toxic and potentially lethal. Toxicity decreases with heavier halogens until you get to astatine, which is dangerous because of its radioactivity.State of matter at STP changes as you move down the group. Fluorine and chlorine are gases, while bromine is a liquid and iodine and astatine are solids. It is expected element 117 will also be a solid under ordinary conditions. Boiling point increases moving down the group because the Van der Waals force is greater with increases size and atomic mass.   Halogen Uses Justin Sullivan / Getty Images The high reactivity makes halogens excellent disinfectants. Chlorine bleach and iodine tincture are two well-known examples. The organobromides are used as flame retardants. Halogens react with metals to form salts. The chlorine ion, usually obtained from table salt (NaCl) is essential for human life. Fluorine, in the form of fluoride, is used to help prevent tooth decay. The halogens are also used in lamps and refrigerants.

Using Roof Shingle for Asphalt Pavement Research Paper

Using Roof Shingle for Asphalt Pavement - Research Paper Example In addition it contains between 32% and 42% of a coating filler such as limestone followed by some 28% to 42% of granules. The remaining portion of asphalt shingles is composed of fiberglass, cotton rags, paper and adhesives (Carter, 2008). The use of asphalt is pervasive throughout shingle manufacturing and asphalt constitutes a major part of shingles. The large amount of asphalt present in roofing shingles make these shingles suitable for recycling applications such as for constructing roads. It is estimated that the United States alone manufactures around 12.5 billion square feet of asphalt shingles in a single year (Asphalt Roofing Manufacturer's Association, 2012). In recent years there has been a renewed emphasis to recycle asphalt shingles for road based applications since the shingles contain a large amount of asphalt that can be reused. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that around 11 million tons of waste is created each year from asphalt shingles in the United States. This waste is comprised of around one million tons of scrap generated by various asphalt shingle manufacturers while around ten million tons of waste is generated from construction sites (Environmental Protection Agency, 2005). This indicates that asphalt shingle supply can be considered as a reliable source for use in road construction given its continuous supply. Another notable aspect is that asphalt shingles and their related waste comprises around 8% of building related waste. Also, asphalt shingles represent around 10% of the waste created from demolition debris. Recycling one ton of asphalt shingles is estimated to conserve one barrel of crude oil (Owens Corning, 2011). Asphalt shingles can be recycled for use in a number of different road based applications including aggregate for road construction, creating pavements, to control dust content on gravel roads etc. It is typical to use asphalt shingles to form the hot aggregate mixture used for manufacturing and paving roads. The amount of asphalt shingles is kept constant at 5% in the aggregate mixture for desirable properties. It has been researched that increasing the amount of asphalt shingles to 7.5% in the aggregate mixtures renders the mixture soft and compromises pavement performance. In addition, using asphalt shingles from construction projects may also result in brittle pavements that might crack especially at low temperatures. For this reason asphalt shingles are typically used where stone mastic asphalt mixtures are required (Newcomb, Stroup-Gardiner, Weikle, & Drescher, 1993). Waste asphalt shingles are recycled by shredding them to half an inch size for batch plants and shredding them to a quarter inch size for continuous feed plants. These materials are added to the overall aggregate mixture before the virgin asphalt is added for binding. The waste shingles that are typically used for creating HMA contain hard asphalt. The combination of this hard asphalt and the soft virgin aspha lt tend to provide highly desirable properties to the overall aggregate mixture. Generally the resulting mixture of waste hard asphalt and soft virgin asphalt provides better stability as well as better resistance to rutting which make it desirable for use in pavements. The departments of transport of a number of states have approved the use of asphalt shingles for constructing roads and pavements. Asphalt shingles have mostly been approved for use in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements. While the use of asphal

Computres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computres - Essay Example Weaving looms for executing mechanical calculations. First generation computers (1940-1956) were extremely large, unreliable and costly. They used vacuum tubes; the size of light bulbs, which generated a lot of heat. This made heat regulation and climate control difficult. The second generation computers (1956-1963) used transistors that were smaller than vacuum tubes. They were more reliable and consumed less heat (Cosper, 2013; Morley& Parker, 2009,) Third generation computers (1964-1971) referred to as the IBM 370 series, which came in different sizes. They were mostly used for scientific and business purposes. The third generation computers used integrated circuit technology and microchips were used as memory. Fourth generation computers (1971-present) saw the rise of personal computers (PC). Apple introduced apple I (1976) and II (1977) marshalling the wide use of computers at home. Software industry started growing, with apple and Microsoft being the main companies. 1990s saw a rise in multimedia culture with the discovery of World Wide Web that created interest in computers. Professions embraced software to improve products and services. In the early 2000s, computers began to become integrated with TV. Literature review Why is computer innovation good for society? The innovation of the digital edge has reshaped the way society operates on a daily basis. It is worth noting that computers have technology has unfolded a change of time. Implications of computer use on society are so diverse. Computers have helped in the creation of information. Computer innovation has made it easy and quick to create information. In order for society to grow, information is an essential factor in the advancement of political, social, economic, environmental and health asseveration. Computers have made it possible for society to generate information that is useful in economic decisions. For instance, business software development makes it easy for professionals to carry out t heir duties precisely and in a sustainable manner. On a higher note, computer innovation has also helped in transmission of information. Timely and up to date information is possible through computing. Initially, information was transmitted through signals like fire, using word of mouth and letters. In some instances, information never reached the intended recipients. However, computer innovations along with other internet technological advancements have made it effortless for people to communicate in a fraction of a second. People are able to communicate with friends and relatives who are worlds apart through emails and video chatting. Other social media platform communication like Facebook and Twitter has improved the way populace network (Wright, 2012). Computers have also played a chief role in entertainment provision through computer games and animations. Other features like e-learning provide an opportunity for learners to access education at the comfort of their homes. This s aves on cost as a person does not essentially have to be physically in attendance to the learning institution. Bank holders can access information on their financial status at any time through internet banking. Computer innovation has resulted in job creation for millions of people around the globe. New careers have resulted from computer innovations such as information technology experts and software developers. Every

How Leaders can overcome conflct, influence others and raise Essay

How Leaders can overcome conflct, influence others and raise performance - Essay Example However, with this new insight, I can be well armed to face the boss on an equal footing. I have learnt how not to be held an emotional hostage in my relationships, whether personal or business. Being a leader, I might also have to resort to taking my team members â€Å"metaphorical hostages† to achieve the desired results. As a leader, my ultimate goal would be to increase productivity and enhance performance. Thus, I would try to use all the available skills to achieve this, including engaging in productive dialogue and resolution of tough problems. Through this write-up, I have learnt valuable tips on how to be an effective leader and overcome conflict by skillful negotiations. I would even try to influence others and raise the performance of my team. If we can understand the intricacies of our relationships, beliefs and values that shape our thinking, recognize and respect the intrinsic dignity of the individual, we can be sure to act in an appropriate manner and be free from a situation in which we could be held as a metaphorical hostage. Thus, I can confidently say that I will not be held a hostage, emotionally or physically in any given situation: personal or business. I will be in a position to effectively deal with difficult situations :both at work and in my personal life. The essence would be to be calm and composed in any situation and look for solutions, rather than give into the demands made by

International And Domestic Business Tourist Tourism Essay

International And Domestic Business Tourist Tourism Essay Tourism industry is one of the booming industries in the world. It is observed that according to survey visitor information available in Sydney is not sufficient. To survive in competitive market it is necessary to provide best possible experience to the visitors with the intention of maximize profit and repeat business. (Destination NSW) Such experiences which they will remember for long time and which affect them psychologically. It is important to know needs of the tourists what attract, encourage them to travel to the destination. Once you know the necessity of the tourist you can prepare for effective target market strategy. Many organisations and tourism department are responsible to set the standard of the particular destination and convert it into a product. Lot of organisation play important role for development of Sydney. In Sydney, Tourism Sydney Council, National Tourism Alliance, Sustainable Tourism Co-operative Research Centre, Tourism Training Australia, Quality Tourism (Sydney Tourism Brand , 2012) contribute for rapid growth of the tourism. Tourism NSW with help of Tourism Australia influences lots of potential global tourists to NSW with skill education, promotion and publicity campaigns, and online services. Main intention is to grow consciousness about sustainable tourism product. The promotions are intended to invite tourists from every part of the world. Hence tourism promoting strategy sets idea for promotional activities of Medina grand Sydney which helps hotel for publicity and campaign of their products. (Tourism Australia, 2012) Mature Markets: UK, USA, New Zealand,  Japan Emerging Markets: China, India, South Korea Trade Development Markets: Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong,   Germany, Gulf Countries, Other Europe Market Segmentation On the basis of observation in the market Tourism Sydney has found two main areas of market segmentation: 1) Geographic Approach 2) Psychographic Approach Geographic Approach It is essential to realize geographical aspects to target specific market. The value of International and domestic tourists both are key target market for Medina Grand Sydney. Tourist comes for the purpose of business deals, vacation and adventure sport. Sydney is one of the major cities of Australia and well-known as historical place. Concerts and events are also major type of attractions. Number of adventurous sports help to attracts adventurous tourist. Sydney is popular destination among tourist same like Queensland and Melbourne and now we can called it as main tourism activities place in Australia. The diseases like bird flu and global terrorism affects the international tourist visiting to the Sydney. (Sydney City Information ) Total 26.8 million international and domestic tourists visited to Sydney every year. Number of international visitors increases because of attractive offer by airlines during on and off season and tie up of tourism Australia with international airlines. Most of the tourist comes to visit Sydney are local people from major cities of Australia. . The tourism Australia expected the tourist with different purpose will grow up to 40 million in 2030. The tourist who lives in Brisbane, Melbourne, Victoria and Perth which comes for small period of time consider as important target market. The international tourist who comes from UK, America, New Zealand, Japan and Asia mainly they are corporate traveller. Every year 7.9 per cent Chinese visitors estimate to grow in Australia and will be 783,000 till the end of 2019. (Research, 2012) Recently increase in number of tourists from India, China and South Korea which is emerging market for Australia. Sources of International Business Tourist (Research, 2012) This pie chart shows international travellers of different countries. We can see in pie chart that most corporate travellers come through Asia and New Zealand for business purpose. Asia is most growing international market. Around 18% Asian visitors come to Sydney in recent years which are comparatively very high if we match with last five years statistics. China and India are two main countries from where most of the visitors visited Sydney. By doing some research on target market and understanding their culture Tourism Australia can take competitive advantage of such market. Psychographic Approach Hotel Medina Grand Sydney is situated in one of most popular area of the Sydney. Most people choose Australia as their holiday destination for living in Sydney. It has prosperous ethnic groups, excellent infrastructure, superb consumer choices and solid local and international corporate activities. Sydney today claims as Australias most leading Central Business District and most national and multinational industries chose to have their head office in Sydney which attracts lots of business travellers. Sydney is perfect city for beach lovers, Bondi and Manly are the most famous beaches in Sydney. (Visitors Guide and Information ) Most attractive and uncrowned beaches are found on north and south of the Sydney. Hotel Medina gives beautiful view of the city. Because of hotel is situated in centre of the city its excellent opportunity for all the travellers for shopping with family and friends All kind of accommodation options are available at the  Medina Grand Sydney hotel  have been designed to create comfort and an atmosphere. Hotel is only 5 minutes away from Cockle bay, movie theatres at door, Entertainment Centre and China Town just 10 minutes walking distance (Attraction Around Sydney , 2012). Hotel has big conference hall. Hotel apartments provide the perfect venue for residential training courses. In relations of Psychographic above products are available which target domestic and international business travellers and holiday travellers including honeymooners and families. Potential Markets After analysing the above data and statistics specified in this paper about tourist market and segmentation, we can define about prospective target markets of Media grand Sydney. International and Domestic Business Tourist Consumers who are finding gorgeous places with advance level of service and sufficient comforts. This segment is proposed for tourists happy to pay quality prices for outstanding accommodations and service. Most present in main cities across the globe and located in historical areas. As we mention in the first section there are number of occupational deals happens in Sydney as city well-known for the centre of business activities in Australia. Therefore basically there are number of corporate people comes in the city. (Business Award 2012). Basically these business travellers seeks unique services and product with new trend of technology which offered by the Medina grand Sydney. As we know, being one of the best brands, Medina provides unique standard business services and product to the corporate travellers. This gives them chance of unique experience of accommodation as well as relaxing and peaceful environment from their busy work schedule. In adding to this, Medina grand has coll aboration with reputed travel agencies which helps hotel to targeted business travellers. The report of Sydney Tourism reflects tourists from New Zealand, USA, Europe and Asia visiting to Sydney are improved by 26% recently. (Sydney Tourism News, 2011) Besides, most business people from New Zealand and Asia visit to business capital of Australia for the professional purpose. Medina Grand Sydney can offer following services and products to their international and domestic business markets: Resident Manager 24 hour reception Resident Manager Covered heated swimming pool Mini bar Gymnasium Undercover parking Dry cleaning and laundry services Sauna In-room Massage available through Reception Dry cleaning and laundry services Babysitting available Pantry services Cuisine Courier Undercover parking (Hotel Facilities ) Leisure Tourist Currently, its cost-effective for Medina Grand to target the business tourists. This segment was affected by worse transactions in weak economy situations but indicates signs of recovery. Business travellers are generally at senior level management positions in their company. Even if they are not searching for the traditional feature of the city but they expect a suitable place. They are knowledgeable about the current market news and communicate minimum two languages. Maximum corporate travellers busy in hectic life and travel alone, so they need some peaceful atmosphere which they expect from Medina Grand Sydney. Medina Grand has also established superior offers such as SPA (Home Away From Home, 2012). These targets are senior citizen couples who expect a high class service; honeymooners and somebody celebrating a special event. Sydney is a one of the major city in Australia. Medina Grand hotel is situated in the centre of the city and you can call it heart of the city which is nea r from all the attractive places in Sydney. Medina grand hotel is close to Sydney Town Hall, Darling Harbour. Area of attraction also includes Opera House in Sydney and Chinese Garden of Friendship. Medina Grand Sydney deals quality accommodation in one of the most entertainment district, Darling Harbour. Travellers looking for the perfect luxury and advance facilities will definitely like this hotel. Some famous historical attractions such as Sydney Aquarium and Australian National Maritime Museum are situated at a walking distance from the hotel. Famous charming commercials of the city, such as IMAX Theatre and Star City Casino are at a stones throw away. Diverse types of native animals can be spotted at the adjacent Sydney. Great location to allow a nice short walk to Market Street where all the great shopping can be done, China Town, and not too far to walk to The Rocks and Circular Quay. (Best Attractions) The hotel basically tries to attract stylish tourist by providing them g lamorous product and superior facilities. Hotel also concentrates on local tourist market segment who looking for interesting experience. Corporate travellers usually prefer luxury accommodation where they can appreciate speciality food with excellent value of service. Hotel Medina Grand can deliver following facilities: Deluxe Rooms and honeymoon suites Hot water pools Multi-cuisine Restaurants Health spa Sauna Gymnasium centre (Holidays) New Market and Strategic Approach Research study shows that it is possible for Tourism Australia to attract new target potential market. They can attract more number of leisure and business travellers from Asia. (Basically concentrate on India, China and South Korea). According to studies it is analyse that new target market should be beneficial for tourism Australia. (Marketing in Asia , 2012)From last two years more number of tourist coming from China. Tourist from China saw surprising development in Sydney, with rapid increase of visitors. However Sydney saw additional tourists from Korea and India by two per cent. Hence Medina Grand has chance to examine and attention Asian target market. Because of language difference, cultural differences between the countries, time consuming travel its very hard to find profit. Tourism Australia already spend heaps of money on marketing the destination in new target market and collaborate with travel agents to attract more travellers. To take over on this new market Medina Gra nd changes their policies and strategies for this market for e.g. presenting Chinese cuisine, multicultural cuisine in fine dining restaurants which open more choices for Asian customer. The most of the Asian Tourist make their booking through tour operator and most of the people book the air ticket through internet. Link up with more and more tour operators and arranging regional events for tour operator in every area must beneficial for Tourism Australia. Advertisement through social networking sites like Facebook and twitter also helpful for positive marketing of the destination and hotel. Target Market Process Making concern of above data, Medina Grand implements its own target market procedure. It supports them to recognise the customer activities and their needs and demand. Medina Grand Sydney Target Market Process The hotel Medina grand is in mid-maturity stage of product life cycle. To develop method of sustainability is essential at this phase to survive in competitive environment. Hence Medina Grand gives attention on retaining its competitive environment. Hotel sells unique product like health spa centre which is open all days of the week to target corporate and holiday travellers. Promotional Strategies Promotion: The hotel Medina Grand provides exotic facilities to attract high class traveller. They advertise themselves in world travel magazine, traveller guide, yellow pages, star hotel magazines which helps to build brand image of the hotel. Medina Grand also publicise their property through online medium and social networking sites. They have linked up with hotel website to promote themselves. Hotel also has review system for their hotel so that the traveller search online for booking and get to know the actual quality of standard through experiences of other travellers. Also local newspapers, TV channels, radio stations plays important role to invite domestic tourist. This type of marketing affects consumer behaviour and help in growth strategy of the hotel. Delivery Strategy Hotel Medina grant has excellent online reservation system. Hotel has tie up with many international airlines that already declared in previous description of this paper. To sum up they also have collaboration with tour operators, they have special training programme for tour operator. In that programme they first offer free facilities of hotel to the operator and at the same time they teach them about uniqueness of the destination and hotel by giving attractive offers and knowing them key points about destinations and events. Free holiday vouchers are provided for selling particular amount of rooms, commission is also delivered on every room. Marketing department always in touch with distributor by conferencing and mailing to know about new trends in market and current condition in the market. Marketing department has annually meeting with distributors in every regional area to maintain relationship with the distributors.G:DocumentsPIHMSTourism assignmentdistribution.jpgSupply Struc ture in Sydney Consumer Profiles: Worldwide corporate Travellers Age Most of corporate travellers visiting to Sydney are aged among 28 to 50 years, while some travellers are among 50 to 65 years. Average visitors stay -Avg. stay per guest is 3 nights. Ethnicity- European, New Zealander, Asian, American Annual Income per year- Around $40,000 $50,000 Necessities- Presentation hall and Board meeting rooms, Wi-Fi services Participation- Majority of tourists selects to lunch and dinner at speciality restaurants. Some tourist visit to night club, surfing, whale watching, shopping Local corporate Travellers Age- Most of the corporate travellers age among 30 to 50 years, while some are among 50-63 years. Average visitors stay- Avg. shay per guest is 2.5 nights. Origin Business cities in Australia. Annual income per year: Around $40,000 $45,000 Participation- Around 50% of traveller lunch and dinner in dine dining restaurant. Some tourist visit to cinema, visiting families, networks and waterparks, etc. High Class Stylish Travellers Age- 25 35 years. Sexual category: 60% of male and 40% of female visitors. Category: higher class charters, head of departments, managers, air crew. Average visitors stay: 4-5 days Purpose of travel: Presentation, Seminars, Business meeting, Conference and events Yearly Income: More than $50,000 Participation: Massage parlour, casino, wine testing and visiting famous places. Proposed Strategies Product Strategy Medina Grand is one of the finest 4 star hotels in Sydney; functioning in a saturated market, they cannot imagine to rise their income by growing the number of guests. Additionally, the treats of the market are out of control and presently restricted by the professional target choice. Hence, Medina Grand must attention on growing expenses per night and per person by developed outstanding services and preserving its occupancy rate despite the tough struggle and great choice of substitute product. To maintain standard of the hotel have facilities like family rooms, special premier studio room, cribs available, climate control and mini bar as matched to the competitors. (Medina Grand hotel, 2012) The prices of the hotel are always competitive and special discount for group booking and repeat business. Hotel provides pick and drop facility from airport, car facility for nearby attractions which is good advantage for guests of Medina grand hotel. The hotel is situated in main area of Sydn ey and marketing of such facility certainly attract more number of tourist in their hotel. Multi-cuisine restaurant of the hotel is open in all days of week which offers excellent opportunity for tourist visiting the destination from different countries. Therefore they can relax themselves before settle down in the hotel room. The corporate travellers who came for business deals can discuss their business deals in restaurant without taking the visitors to their rooms. Thus, it will be convenient for guest if hotel restaurant is open for all night during all days of the week. Market Positioning Strategy Currently, Medina Grand is positioned as one of the luxuries hotel situated in impressive area of Sydney. Number of increasing competitor in market, comparable positioning wants Medina Grand to redefine themself in front of targeted consumer. They can do it in couple of ways. Mainly Medina Grand could attract more number of leisure travellers. In addition Medina Grand could select business travellers but who are looking for luxury. Luxury positioning must be profitable. But for luxury positioning guest will expect superior quality. This is way they will spend more. In conclusion we can say Medina Grand must be most appropriate property for international corporate tourists. When travellers from new region and different culture grow rapidly its difficult to apply old strategy and policies to understand their needs. Prepare for new plans is better idea to take advantage of such competitive market. Research shows Asian market is future potential market. Thus Medina Grand know requirement of Asian corporate sector and holiday market to maintain sustainability of the industry. Marketing Mix Strategy The four Ps of marketing mix to attract travellers from Asian country because they are least affect by economic slowdown, Medina Grand Sydney has to make special marketing strategy which is mentioned below: Product: They are changing their policies and strategy to concentration on new target market and new ethnic group. Hotel will have to improve certain modifications to their foods and amenities by seeing needs of Asian Travellers. For e.g. Presenting Chinese and Indian cuisine in the speciality restaurant. To satisfy need of satisfaction Medina Grand can start improvement in their accommodation. Its important for corporate traveller to sleep well to maintain busy schedule of next day. Medina Grand can renovate their bed with advance comfort facilities. Hotel can improve fitness services features by adding new machinery and equipment in fitness centre. Tie up with local corporate companies by giving discount help to increase revenue of the company. So the non-staying guest can use the facilities, thus will raise IHS business. Medina grand has to develop the facilities of fun. Train the staff by taking care of cultural values of country of origin of the guest. This kind of service they will remember for long time and help in repeat business. For example, Medina grand appointing employee from Asia so that Asian travellers can feel the hotel as home away from home. Advertising: Tourism Australia is currently in a situation to increase its advertising activities. The Medina Grand have to part in Press Release. Descent articles in popular newspapers which follows by corporate people. Invite press people on special events in the hotel. Participate in social awareness events. Publicise some admired magazines help to build the image of the hotel particularly when its person who reads are corporate people. Conclusion: Market strategy: Domestic and international corporate travellers are our principle target market. Also need to growth our attention on countries like USA, UK, New Zealand, India, and China etc. which are our main source of income. Its better ignore the countries which are very challenging to make target so that can get more time to concentrate on main target market. Marketing mix strategy: Medina Grand have to advertise powerfully local travel journals in China and India. 56 % of International Corporate tourists to Australia reached at Sydney International Airport with 40% of them coming from Asian nations. t. Asia market has the potential to provide good profits for the business. Price: Medina Grand has higher room rates compare to other star properties in the market. According to strategy, increase in room rate can affect the business of the Medina Grand. By providing extra facilities hotel can increase the rate. Place: It is important to advertise the hotel Medina grand on websites of airlines and tour operators. Application of search engine promotion policy is also significant, as most of internet sites visits arise through search engines. Hotel online bookings must be improved by application of this strategy.

Leadership And Management Essay -- essays research papers

Lead and Manage People Leadership is the key dynamic force that motivates and co ordinates an organization to accomplish its objectives. A leader creates a vision for the others and then directs them towards achieving that vision. To be a leader you must have followers who have confidence in you and who give you their support and commitment to a goal. My Leadership Role I have been employed at Harley Nursing Home since September 1997 every Sundays. My initial position at Harley was as a kitchenhand. Within this position I was introduced to the organization, it’s staff and the rules of being employed at Harley. As a kitchenhand I had to follow the cook’s leadership orders in the preparation and washing of dishes for 32 meals. After two years, the cook was transferred to one of the owner’s other nursing homes. I was then the privilege of this leadership role as a cook. Not only did I learn more about the preparation and cooking of 32 breakfasts, lunches and dinners but also be able to inspire, influence and motivate the other staff members in achieving the same goal: To feed the 32 residents of the Nursing Home. Within this leadership role I was able to develop my self confidence, communication skills, and problem solving tactics. Corazon Aquino Two and a half yrs after her husband’s assassination in August 1983, Corazon Aquino became the leader of the Philippines. As a president of the Republic of the Philippines from 1986 to 1992, she led the country during it’s diffi...

Palliative Care Essay

Culture is a fundamental part of one’s being which along with spirituality play a significant role in a person’s journey through life. Health beliefs may be strongly tied to a person’s cultural background and spiritual or religious affiliation. Palliative care is the active holistic care of terminally ill patients which demands to maintain the quality of life addressing physical symptoms as well as emotional, spiritual and social needs. This very nature of the palliative care poses challenges to health care workers when addressing a culturally diverse population. Australia is the most multicultural country in the world where its population ranges from the descendants of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to migrants or of descendants of migrants from more than 200 countries. The aim of this essay is to discuss the importance of providing spiritually and culturally competent care for a person and their family receiving palliation. This essay also discuss es how importance is to focus these principles to the culture of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with regards to death and dying. World Health Organisation defines palliative care as â€Å" an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing with life threatening illness through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual†(WHO,2009) . According to Matzo & Sherman (2010) the culture and spirituality are among the most important factors that structure human experience, values and illness patterns and determine how a person interact with the healthcare system. Moreover a person’s beliefs, values, rituals, and outward expressions can impact palliative care either positively or negatively. According to Brown & Edwards (2012) people experiencing the inevitability of death are in need of care givers who are knowledgeable about personal issues and attitude that affect the end of life experience. An adequate understanding of cultural and spiritual matters is vital and beneficial when focussing on dying person’s family needs and wants. According to Geoghan (2008) perception differ among culture in issues such as use of medication, personal space and touching, dietary issues, whether to be cared at home or seek health care facility. Long (2011) states that when determining the decision making and disclosures culture has a significant role to play with spiritual or religious implications. Brown & Edwards (2012) states that culturally expressions physical symptoms especially pain differs in different cultures and leads to ethnic minority groups are often being undertreated in terms of pain medication. Moreover, nonverbal cues such as grimaces, body positions and guarded movements also significance in providing culturally competent care.Ferrell &Coyle (2010) states language has an important role in streaming communication patterns and style between health providers and patients and lack of effective communication may mean less than satisfactory exchanges between health providers, patients and their families in a multicultural society. According to Matzo & Sherman(2010) spirituality is a way to be connected with God as well as to self, fellow human beings and to nature. Moreover, when the terminally ill patients go through critical life adjustments, spirituality considered to be as a domain of palliative care which serves as the binding force for physical, social, and psychological domains of life. According to Ferrell &Coyle (2010) majority of the palliative patients may experience a growth in spirituality and considers spirituality to be one of the most important contributors to quality of life and frequently used as helpful coping strategies for their physical illness. Furthermore, the family caregivers of seriously ill patients also find comfort and strength from their spirituality and considerably assist them in coping .At the same time many of such patients with their uncertainty of life, long term nature of illness, potential for pain, altered body image and confrontation of death may lead to spiritual distress as well (Matzo & Sherman, 2010). Spiritual care is an important factor for both those expressing spiritual wellness and those experiencing spiritual distress during their period of illness (Amoah, 2011). Matzo & Sherman (2010) states that spirituality facilitate coping with chronic pain, disability, sense of illness and provides strength and self-control and thus reduce the anxiety and depression. Furthermore, those who participate in religious services and ceremonies experience a relief from their loneliness and isolative life style and such practices may generate significant support and peace in difficult times for the patient and their family. Brown & Edwards (2012) states that assessment of spiritual need in palliative care is a major factor because spiritualty is not necessarily equate religion and a person do not have particular faith or religion may have deep spirituality. According to Brown & Edwards (2012) awareness and sensitivity to cultural beliefs and practices regarding death and dying is vital when caring end of life patients, especially in a multicultural societies such as Australia. Ferrell & Coyle (2012) states that in spite of strong government initiatives, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people remain a marginalised group with health status significantly below that of other Australians. Consequently Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have high rate of mortality and premature death (McGrath & Philips, 2009). Furthermore, Ferrell & Coyle (2012) states that while addressing palliation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, culturally responsive model of palliative care to be delivered and traditional practices that surrounds care of dying people and death are understood, respected and incorporated in to care. According to Thackrah & Scott (2011) an understanding of cultural, practices, protocols and customs with rega rds loss and grief is of topmost priority when dealing with traditional aboriginal men and women. According to Queensland Health (2013) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander have strong cultural and spiritual concepts about the cause of diseases and death which may conflict with Western explanations and diagnosis of illnesses. According to McGrath & Philips (2008), though the Indigenous Australians adopted many aspects of the non-Indigenous culture over the years, their expectations and rituals around end of life still mostly well connected to their land, culture and tradition. Most of the Aboriginal people have a strong wish to die at home with family, surrounded by their ‘Country’ and in their own community where their spirit belongs (O’Brien &Bloomer, 2012). According to Thackrah & Scott (2011), most people dislike the hospital environment because they believe in the hospital they may experience isolation, structural racism and disempowerment. Since death in a hospital can create stress in the family along with fear and disputes, family protocols to be strictly followed and they have to be given space to finish up with dignity and compassion. During a situation of an expected death of an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person, there is usually a gathering of immediate and extended family and friends which are a mark of respect of the patient. Based on the belief that life is a part of a greater journey, it is cultural practice to prepare the person for the next stage in their journey and often the extent of gatherers correlates with the patient’s value to the community. The passing of an elder may induce immense grief and mourning upon the whole community, hence expect many visitors and a grand funeral ceremony that reflects the respect. According to Thackrah & Scott(2011),When a death occurs in traditional indigenous communities in Australia, community members and visiting relatives from elsewhere move away from settlements into a special place called ‘‘sorry camp’’. Also the Indigenous way of grieving is a long process with different phases not only consoling each other but by tradi tional ways of harming themselves. Palliative care is truly a holistic care delivered to patients and family members with life threatening illness by providing physical as well as emotional and spiritual support. It is evident that culture and spirituality are central to palliative care which must be given due consideration at every point of assessing and planning care for patients and families. Although spiritual beliefs might help most people to cope well in the face of illness, for other people such beliefs may be ineffective or problematic. Since health beliefs are strongly associated with culture and spirituality it is critical that healthcare professionals understand and implement best practices in attending to cultural and spiritual needs during their illness journey. The death and dying in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have a crucial cultural significance and health professional must be competent in religious and cultural practices when addressing palliative care. Reference List AmoahC.F. (2011).The central importance of spirituality in Palliative care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 17,353-358.Retreived from http://ea3se7mz8x.search.serialssolutions.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/?V=1.0&pmid=21841704 Brown, D., and Edwards, H. (2012).Lewis’s Medical-surgical nursing (3rd ed.). Chatswood, Elsevier Australia. Ferrell, B.R., & Coyle, N. (2010).Oxford textbook of Palliative Nursing. NewYork, Oxford university press. Geohan, D.A. (2008).Understanding palliative care nursing. Journal of Practical Nursing, 58.6 Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/docview/228052494/fulltextPDF?accountid=36155 Long, C.O. (2011).Cultural and spiritual considerations in palliative care. Journal of Paediatr Hematol Oncol, 33, S-96-101 doi: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e318230daf3. Matzo,M.,& Sherman,D.W.(2010). Palliative care nursing-Quality of care to the end of life (3rd ed.) New York, Springer. McGrath, P. & Phillips, E. (2008). Insights on end-of-life ceremonial practices of Australian Aboriginal peoples. Collegian, 15, 125 – 13.Retreived from http://www.nursingconsult.com.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/nursing/journals/1322-7696/full-text/PDF/s1322769608000243.pdf?issn=1322-7696&full_text=pdf&pdfName=s1322769608000243.pdf&spid=21611429&article_id=708072 McGrath, P. & Phillips, E. (2009). Insights from the Northern Territory on Factors That Facilitate Effective Palliative Care for Aboriginal Peoples. Australian Health Review, 33,636-644.Retreived from http://search.informit.com.au.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/documentSummary;dn=301730371388187; res=IELHEA> ISSN: 0156-5788 O.brien,A & Bloomer,M.(2012). Aborginal palliative care and mainstream services.Australian Nursing Journal ,20,39.Retrieved from http://search.informit.com.au.ezproxy.uws.edu.au/fullText;dn=993462370312798;res=IELHEA Queensland Health. (2013). Sad news, sorry business- Guideline for caring Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through death dying Retrieved from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/atsihealth/documents/sorry_business.pdf Ulrik, J., Foster, D., &Davis, V. (2011). Loss, Greif, Bad luck and sorry business. In R.Thackrah, &Scott (1st Ed.) Indigenous Australian health and Culture (190-2008). Frenchs Forrst,Pearson Australia. World Health Organization. (2009). WHO definition of palliative care, Retrieved from http://www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/

Eponymous Revisited

Eponymous Revisited Eponymous Revisited Eponymous Revisited By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, What is it with eponymous? I never understand its use. Eponymous is the adjective form of the noun eponym. It derives from the Greek combination epi (upon) + onyma (name). eponym noun: one who gives, or is supposed to give, his name to a people, place, or institution. The earliest application of eponymous was in the context of the names of countries, tribes, and nations. For example: Brutus, or  Brute of Troy, is a legendary descendant of the Trojan hero Aeneas, known in medieval British legend as the eponymous founder and first king of Britain.   Consider the case of  Pelops, the  eponymous  hero of the  Peloponnese. First, at this stage Jacob is not yet  the eponymous hero of  a united Israel, but only of the Northern Kingdom. [Jacob was given the name Israel when he wrestled the angel.]    In current usage, the phrase â€Å"eponymous hero† usually applies to the character for which a literary work is named. For example: Hot-Blooded Paolo is  the eponymous hero of  the novel Paolo  il Caldo (1964) by Vitaliano Brancati. On the universality of the westerner, exemplified by  the eponymous hero of  George Stevens’s Shane (1953), see Warshow, 150-151. The eponymous hero of  Goncharovs Oblomov (1858), who is unable to motivate himself to leave his bed, is the epitome of the passive hero.   American actress Betty Bronson starred as  the eponymous hero of  the film Peter Pan (1924). Eponymous can apply to anything that takes its name from a person. For example: Tesla  invented his  eponymous  coil in 1891.   Website of New York City designer Nancy Rose and her  eponymous designer sportswear. As for  John Birch, well never know what he would have thought of his  eponymous society. Note: I found several examples of the misspelling epynonymous. Related posts: The Eponymy Family 30 Words Inspired by 29 People and An Elephant Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowThat vs. Which10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

Sport Scale Essay Essays

Sport Scale Essay Essays Sport Scale Essay Essay Sport Scale Essay Essay ABSTRACT The primary intent of this survey was to develop a valid and dependable instrument to measure athletics fan motive. Besides. the new step was employed to analyze the relationship between athletics fan motive and cultural individuality. One hundred 60 nine college pupils from two southeasterly establishments participated in this survey. Data were analyzed utilizing exploratory and collateral factor analysis. Bivariate correlativity. t trial. ANOVA. and descriptive statistics. The Fan Motivation Scale ( FMS ) . developed in this survey. consisted of six constituents with 22 points. The figure of points under every constituent scope from 5 to 2 points ( quality of the game 4 points. get away 5 points. ennui turning away 5 points. societal 3 points. amusement 3 points. and athletics atmosphere 2 points ) . In add-on. two hypotheses were tested in the current survey. The first hypothesis was that cultural individuality is positively related to feature fan motive. The 2nd hypothesis assumed that there was a difference between African Americans and European Americans in their cultural individuality. The consequences revealed the FMS is a dependable step with an overall alpha mark of 0. 90. Significant differences were found between participants in the entire FMS and some of the subscales based on gender and ethnicity. However. the results of the samples examined in this survey do non back up the first hypothesis. Therefore. no important relationship was found between athletics fan motive and cultural individuality. Sing the 2nd hypothesis. a important difference was found between African Americans and European Americans in their cultural individuality. seven Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Sports have become an progressively of import portion of our society. Sports fans represent a important per centum of athletics consumers. because 70 per centum or more of Americans ticker. read. or discuss athleticss at least one time a twenty-four hours ( Iso-Ahola A ; Hatfield. 1986 ) . From 1985 to 1998. attending has significantly increased at the four major athleticss in the United States. Major League Baseball ( MLB ) had the largest addition in the figure of people go toing games ( 24. 2 million. a 50 % addition ) . followed by professional hoops ( 10. 3 million. a 89 % addition ) . professional football ( 5. 7 million. a 40 % addition ) . and professional hockey ( 5. 6 million. a 49 % addition ) . The figure of people go toing college featuring events has besides increased during this clip period ( U. S. Census Bureau. 2000 ) . Additionally. more telecasting scheduling clip is being devoted to featuring events. The ESPN was the 5th highest ranked telecasting web in 2000. in footings of gross. it was estimated to be $ 2. 1 billion ( McAvoy. 2000 ) . With the addition of involvement in athleticss has become an increased involvement of athleticss fans as consumers. Sport squads and companies are really interested in pulling as many consumers as possible to buy game tickets or merchandises. Therefore. athletics sellers should admit the factors that drive fans to follow athletics by go toing. watching on telecasting. or buying merchandises. However. understanding the impression of athleticss fans is non simple because their attitudes and behaviours are non determined by a individual motivation or factor but instead occur for a assortment of grounds ( Mashiach. 1980 ) . Statement of the Problem There has been a turning involvement in the survey of athletics fan motives in recent old ages to better understand fan behaviours ( Bilyeu A ; Wann. 2002 ; Funk. Mahony. Nakazawa. A ; Hirakawa. 2001 ; Funk. Mahony A ; Ridinger. 2002 ; Funk. Ridinger. A ; Moorman. 2003 ; Gantz. 1981 ; Kahle. Kambara. A ; Rose. 1996 ; Lee. 2002 ; Mahony. Nakazawa. Funk. James. A ; Gladden. 2002 ; Pease A ; Zhang. 2001 ; Trail A ; James. 2001 ; Wann. 1995 ; Wann. Bilyeu. Brennan. Osborn A ; Gambouras. 1999 ; Wann. Brewer. A ; 1 Royalty. 1999 ; Wann. Schrader A ; Wilson. 1999 ) . Some of these surveies have introduced steps of different ingestion motivations of athletics fans. In add-on. research workers have examined the relationship between fan motive and other variables such as squad designation. engagement. gender. and race. The steps used in old surveies to measure fan motives vary in length and figure of constituents. However. some of the constituents are used in all or most graduated tables such as the amusement constituent. the household constituent. and the friends constituent. They besides portion really similar points with respect to similar constituents. Items used in most old graduated tables frequently begin with the words â€Å"I like† . â€Å"I enjoy† . or â€Å"I feel† which raises a cogency issue for the steps because the aforesaid words represent satisfaction and attitude instead than motive. Fan satisfaction relates to the felicity and pleasance associated with the result of a clean event while fan attitude represents the sentiment and feelings an person has about a athletics squad or featuring event. On the other manus. athletics fan motive refers to the grounds that drive persons to back up athletics squads. be loyal to them. purchase team/sport related merchandises. ticker and go to featuring events. The Purpose of the Study The intent of this survey was to develop a valid and dependable instrument to measure athletics fan motivations. Besides. the new step was utilized to analyze the relationship between fan motive and cultural individuality. The Conceptual Framework The conceptual model of this survey includes the treatment of two constructs. First. the Fan Motivation Scale and its content will be introduced. Second. the impression of cultural individuality and why it should be correlated with athletics fan motive will be presented. The anterior research ( Wann. 1995 ; Funk. Mahony. Nakazawa. A ; Hirakawa. 2001 ; Bilyeu A ; Wann. 2002 ) identified assorted motivations that could drive fans to go to featuring events. Some of these motivations are related to personal demands ( amusement and fiscal 2 addition ) . societal demands ( adhering with household and group association ) . and psychological demands ( self-esteem and accomplishment ) . In effort to mensurate the motivations of athletics fans. the research workers introduced different graduated tables. These graduated tables comprised different figure of motivations runing from 7 motivations with 16 points to 18 motivations with 54 points. The length of some of the graduated tables was non the lone job. The major concern for old graduated tables is in the content cogency. the extent to which points used in the graduated table accurately represent fan motivations. In fact. all old graduated tables included points that are more related to attitude and satisfaction so motive. The ground for this job is the deficiency of clear definition of athletics fan motive. The current survey is traveling to see athletics fan motive as the grounds that drive persons to back up athletics squads. be loyal to them. purchase team/sport related merchandises. ticker and go to featuring events. In add-on. this survey will use a reappraisal of related literature and the anterior attempt made on fan motive graduated tables to develop valid and dependable steps of athletics fan motive. The proposed Fan Motivation Scale ( FMS ) will mensurate six motivations: societal. amusement. flight. aesthetic. psychological. and amotivation. The societal motivation assesses the extent to which persons participate in featuring events as witnesss because they desire to pass clip with their households ( Gantz. 1981 ; Wann. 1995 ) . Besides. to some persons. group association is an of import motive of being a athletics fan. Sport spectating provides a fan with chances to portion clip with others who enjoy the same activities. A fan may desire to maintain contact with a group of fans and seek safety from a feeling of disaffection ( Branscombe A ; Wann. 1991 ; Smith. 1988 ; Wann. 1995 ) . The amusement motivation includes points that represent the desire of some persons to hold a good clip and bask the exhilaration associated with featuring events. Some fans might bask a athletics because of its amusement value. Sport spectating provides fans with leisure interest activities similar to watching films or telecasting. One advantage of athletics spectating is that few particular accomplishments. if any. are required ( Zillmann. Bryant A ; Sapolsky. 1989 ; Wann. 1995 ) . The flight motivation of athletics fans assesses the desire of athletics fans to get away or diverge from their mundane lives. Attending a clean event gives many people an 3 chance to temporarily bury about their troubling. dissatisfying. or tiring lives ( Smith. 1988 ; Lever A ; Wheeler. 1984 ; Wann. Schrader A ; Wilson. 1999 ) . The aesthetic motivation of athletics fans entreaties to those that are motivated by the aesthetic value of the athletics. Some fans enjoy athleticss because of the competition between extremely skilled jocks. The beauty. grace. and other artistic features make some people enjoy featuring events ( Milne A ; McDonald. 1999 ; Wann. 1995 ) . The psychological motivation is a factor that motivates athleticss fans and gives them a feeling of achievement and accomplishment when the fans’ favourite squad or participant is successful. Sports fans tend to tie in themselves with a successful squad or participant in order to make and prolong a positive self-concept ( Branscombe A ; Wann. 1991 ; Milne A ; McDonald. 1999 ; Sloan. 1989 ) . Amotivation refers to the province of missing an purpose to move. When amotivated. individual’s action lacks intentionality and a sense of personal causing ( Ryan A ; Deci. 2000 ) . Amotivation consequences from non valuing an activity ( Ryan. 1995 ) . non experiencing competent to make it ( Deci. 1975 ) . or non believing it will give a coveted result ( Seligman. 1975 ) . Some persons might travel to feature events and watch athletics games because they have nil else to make. tire. and want to kill clip. These types of grounds had been neglected in old surveies of athletics fan motive. As mentioned earlier. anterior research has examined the relationship between fan motives and other variables such as athletics engagement. squad designation. and some demographic factors of selected athletics fans. However. the cultural individuality of athletics fans has been ignored in the literature. It might be assumed by some research workers that the race factor is adequate representation of an individual’s cultural background. It is. nevertheless. lone portion of the construct. Cultural individuality is defined as â€Å"a procedure of coming to footings with one’s ethnic-racial rank group as a outstanding mention group† ( Smith. 1991. p. 182 ) . Smith ( 1991 ) defined an cultural group as â€Å"a mention group called upon by people who portion a common history and culture† ( p. 181 ) . Harmonizing to Gordon ( 1985 ) . civilization influences our societal criterions. values. knowledges. societal perceptual experiences. ascriptions. feelings. and beginnings of motive. Persons develop their cultural individuality through their societal interaction with others. Through their interactions they begin to see themselves as others view them 4 ( Stryker. 1980 ) . Cultural individuality is viewed as portion of societal individuality and it was defined by Tajfel ( 1981 ) as â€Å"that portion of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his cognition of his rank of a societal group ( or groups ) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership† ( p. 255 ) . An cultural group is composed of a figure of persons who portion a sense of group individuality based on their alone civilization. which include values. ethical motives. and assorted imposts. every bit good as shared beginnings. In the larger society. cultural groups tend to keep a sense of peoplehood ( Dublin. 1996 ; Kornblum A ; Janowitz. 1974 ; Portes. 1996 ) . Forty old ages ago. Tumin ( 1964 ) defined an cultural group as â€Å"a societal group which. within a big cultural and societal system. claims or is accorded particular position in footings of complexness of traits which it exhibits or is believed to exhibit† ( p. 123 ) . Distinguishing between cultural groups is non ever simple. Some cultural minorities. such as African Americans. may hold obvious physical differences that set them apart from other cultural groups within the United States. but many biracial persons present an ambiguity because they belong to two or more cultural groups. which makes ethnicity a subjective concept ( Root. 1992 ) . Analyzing cultural individuality is really of import because it is the foundation for what an single believes about himself or herself. Given the significance of cultural individuality. many research workers have been analyzing this concept. Phinney ( 1990 ) reviewed 70 surveies of cultural individuality published between 1972 and 1990. She found that most of the surveies have used one of three theoretical models to analyze cultural individuality. The first model is the societal individuality theory which cultural individuality is considered a constituent of societal individuality. Social theory refers to the demand for an person to be a member of a group that provides him or her with a sense of belonging that contributes to a positive self-concept. The 2nd model is the socialization prospective. The construct of socialization refers to alterations in the cultural attitudes. value. and behaviours that result from interactions between two distinguishable civilizations ( Berry. Trimble. A ; Olmedo. 1986 ) . These sorts of alterations are usually the concern of a group of persons. and how it relates to the dominant or host society. Cultural individuality can be an facet of socialization in which the focal point is on the persons and how they relate to their ain group as a subgroup of the larger society ( Phinney. 1990 ) . The 3rd model is developmental model. where cultural individuality is viewed as a procedure by which people construct their ethnicity. 5 Erikson ( 1968 ) indicated that individuality is the result of a period of geographic expedition and experimentation that usually takes topographic point during adolescence and leads to a determination of committedness in assorted countries. such as business. and faith. This position of cultural individuality suggests age as a factor is strongly related to developing one’s cultural individuality ( Phinney. 1990 ) . Phinney ( 1990 ) mentioned that most surveies have focused on certain constituents of cultural individuality. These constituents include self-identification as a group member. a sense of belonging to the group. attitudes about one’s group rank. and cultural engagement ( societal engagement. cultural patterns and attitudes ) . Self-identification represents the cultural label that one uses for oneself. The ability of kids to label themselves with the right cultural group was the addressed in a survey by Aboud ( 187 ) . Another issue was the relationship between incorrect labeling and hapless self-concept ( Cross. 1978 ) . Adults are expected to cognize their ethnicity but the issue is what label one chooses to utilize for himself or herself. However. some cultural groups have a small pick in what cultural rubric they can utilize for themselves frequently because of their typical tegument colour or civilization ( linguistic communication. frocks. imposts. etc. ) which distinguishes them from other groups. Additionally. some persons have two or more cultural backgrounds and they identify themselves as members of more than one group. Cultural self-identification is an of import but complex constituent of cultural individuality ( Phinney. 1990 ) . The feeling of belonging to one’s ain group is an of import component of cultural individuality. Some research workers have tried to measure the sense of belonging by either inquiring people how strong was their relationship with their groups or how separate they feel from other groups ( Driedger. 1976 ) . Members of every cultural group can hold positive or negative attitudes toward their ain group. Some of the positive attitudes related were pride in and pleasance. satisfaction. and contentment with one’s group ( Phinney. 1990 ) . Negative attitudes include dissatisfaction. displeasure. discontentedness. and a desire to conceal 1s individuality ( Driedger. 1976 ) . Peoples who display no positive attitudes or show negative attitudes can be seen as denying their cultural individuality ( Phinney. 1990 ) . In add-on. the engagement in the societal life and cultural patterns of one’s cultural group is considered a strong index of one’s cultural individuality. The societal and cultural patterns 6 that represent the engagement constituent include linguistic communication. friendly relationship. societal organisations. faith. cultural traditions. and political relations ( Phinney. 1990 ) . Phinney ( 1992 ) developed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure ( MEIM ) with the intent of measuring cultural individuality among assorted cultural groups. The graduated table was designed to mensurate three constituents of cultural individuality: avowal and belonging. cultural individuality accomplishment. and cultural behaviours. Roberts. Phinney. Masse. Chen. Roberts. and Romero ( 1999 ) examined the cogency of the MEIM and conducted factor analysis with a big sample. The results suggest that the scale steps two constituents of cultural individuality: cultural individuality hunt and avowal. belonging. and committedness. Cultural individuality hunt refers to a developmental and cognitive constituent. Affirmation. belonging. and commitment represent the affectional constituent. However. the graduated table has been proven to be a valid and dependable measuring and it will be used in the context of this survey. More treatment of the graduated table is provided in the method subdivision. Research workers have indicated that positive relationships do be between cultural individuality and self-esteem. self-concept. psychological wellbeing. accomplishment. and satisfaction ( Phinney. 1992 ; Roberts et Al. . 1999 ; Delworth. 1989 ) . However. it is the intent of this survey to analyze the relationship between cultural individuality and motives of athletics fans. Harmonizing to Phinney ( 1990 ) some surveies have used athletics as a cultural point to mensurate cultural individuality. Pons. Laroche. Nyeck. and Perreault ( 2001 ) indicated that the pick of a peculiar sporting event represents a strong cultural significance for the person. Some cultural groups tend to place with a specific athletics. for illustration. association football in the Italian community and hockey among the Gallic Canadian. Pons et Al. . ( 2001 ) stated â€Å"ethnic groups do non all react to featuring events in the same manner ; they differ in the agencies and the gait of their integrating into the host culture† ( p. 238 ) . African American consumers tend to go to historically Black college/university athleticss more often than they did any other athletics. The degree of cultural designation of African American fans has important affect on their attending frequence to historically Black college/university athleticss ( Armstrong. 2002 ) . Furthermore. old surveies showed differences in motive between African American and European American athletics fans based on ethnicity ( Wann. Bilyeu. Brennan. Osborn. A ; Gambouras. 1999 ; Bilyeu A ; Wann. 2002 ; Armstrong. 2002 ) . 7à ¾ Therefore. it is expected that there is a relationship between athletics fans’ motive and cultural individuality. Research Hypotheses H1: Cultural individuality is positively related to feature fan motives. H2: There is a difference between African American and European American in their cultural individuality. Operational Definitions Ethnic Identity: â€Å"part of an individual’s self-concept that derives from his or her cognition of rank in a societal group ( or groups ) together with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership† ( Phinney. 1992. p. 156 ) . Sport fan: refers to person who is enthusiastic about a peculiar athletics squad or jock ( Wann. 1995 ) . Sport fan motive: refers to the grounds that drive persons to back up athletics squads. be loyal to them. purchase team/sport related merchandises. ticker and go to featuring events. Boundary lines This survey is delimitated to: 1. Investigate the cultural individuality and motives of athletics fans in general. For that ground. no specific group of fans ( i. e. . hoops fans. football fans ) was examined. 2. The pupil at Florida State University ( FSU ) and Florida Agriculture and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) . hence. the findings can non be generalized to populations other than the population from which the sample was drawn. 8 Limitations This survey is limited to the followers: 1. The result of this survey depends on the participants’ honestness and cooperation in replying the inquiries. 2. Due to the nature of this survey as self-administrated studies. the researcher’s entree is limited to the categories gained via permission to go to and run into. Premises This survey is based on the undermentioned premises: 1. The studies used in this survey are clear and apprehensible for the participants. 2. The participants will reply the inquiries candidly and accurately. 3. The studies are valid and dependable. Significance of the Study The athletics sellers are in a high competition within the athletics industry and besides with outside rivals. Young coevalss are attracted through engineering to new types of amusement such as computer/video games and the X-Games. â€Å"These new amusement options have already attracted a important sum of attending from the so -called X-generation† ( Kwon A ; Trail. 2003. p. 1 ) . Therefore. athletics sellers should be concern about the hereafter of the athletics industry. In order for athletics sellers to keep their consumer base and to pull immature coevals. they should research and analyze the devouring behaviour of athletics fans and the factors that might act upon their behaviour. Harmonizing to Gramann and Allison ( 1999 ) . â€Å"the addition in the cultural diverseness of North America is one of the most powerful demographic forces determining U. S. and Canadian society† ( p. 283 ) . Therefore. analyzing cultural individuality as an of import societal feature of athletics fans is of import to feature sellers. The importance of analyzing cultural groups among athletics fans is reflected by the increasing per centum of minority engagement in professional athletics. particularly African American. African American jocks represent 25 to 75 per centum of jocks on the rolls for the three popular athleticss ( baseball. hoops. football ) ( Gano-Overway A ; Duda. 2001 ) . 9 The end of this survey was to present a new step of fan motive which will help practicians in the athletics industry to understanding the drive factors for athletics fans to go to featuring events. support athletics squads. or purchase team/sport related merchandises. Besides. the relationship between motives and cultural individuality of athletics fans was examined. The result of the survey should supply practicians with valuable information to help them in understanding the assorted motivations of athletics fans based on their cultural individuality. Therefore. athletics sellers should be able to better their programs and schemes to keep their fan base and carry through the desires for their mark market. 10 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The intent of this chapter is to reexamine the literature on cultural individuality and motive of athletics fans. It should be noted that to day of the month. no research has combined and analyzed the interaction of the two identified variables. As such. the first subdivision of this chapter focuses on the research that has been done on the cultural individuality of athletics fans. The 2nd subdivision discusses motivations of athletics fans every bit good as graduated tables that have been used to measure these motivations. Cultural Identity and Sport Fans Ethnicity as societal and cultural feature of athletics fans has been ignored in the literature although the race factor. which is the physical facet of ethnicity. has been utilized for comparing between cultural groups. However. Armstrong ( 2002 ) examined the influence of cultural designation on Black consumers’ attending at historically Black college/university ( HBCU ) athleticss. To measure cultural designation. Armstrong used a self-report step in which participants were asked to place their cultural group based on cultural classs ( Black/African American. Caucasic. Latino. Asiatic. and â€Å"other† ) and to rate the strength of their designation with their cultural group on a graduated table from 1 ( weak ) to 5 ( really strong ) . The hypothesis was that the designation of Black consumers with their cultural group would hold a important influence on their attending frequence at HBCU athletics events. The findings offered support for the hypothesis bespeaking a positive relationship between cultural designation and attending frequence. In another survey. Armstrong ( 2000 ) examined the influence of cultural designation on African American students’ processing of persuasive athletics communications ( i. e. . advertizement. promotional messages. developmental runs. and proclamations ) . The cultural designation of the respondents was measured utilizing a 13-item graduated table developed by Whittler. Calatone. and Young ( 1991 ) . The scale buttockss two major factors of cultural designation ( cross-race attractive force and political and societal 11 dealingss among Blacks ) . The result of the survey revealed that cultural designation has an consequence on participants’ reaction to racial heuristics in the communicating. African American consumers are more likely to hold a positive reaction to a persuasive communicating if the message were culturally relevant and delivered by a Black interpreter. Pons et Al. ( 2001 ) looked at the impact cultural individuality could hold on the ingestion behaviour and orientation of athletics consumers. They measured linguistic communication ( 3 points ) . faith ( 3 points ) . and societal engagement with one’s ain cultural group ( 6 points ) as three dimensions of cultural individuality. The orientation of athletics consumers has three dimensions. The first dimension refers to featuring events as a supplier of esthesiss in which consumers have an emotional fond regard to the event or the merchandise. The 2nd dimension represents individuals’ demand to understand the sporting event. which lead to better grasp for the event. The 3rd dimension of orientation toward featuring event refers to the socialisation chances presented for athletics consumers. The ingestion behaviours include purchase of featuring good. tickets. and clip devoted to featuring events. The consequences offered support for the thought that cultural individuality has a positive impact on the ingestion and orientation of athletics consumers. In respect to the race of athletics consumers as portion of their ethnicity. research workers have found a difference between Blacks and White persons refering their athletics engagement ( Spreitzer A ; Snyder. 1990 ) . Sport engagement included seven dimensions â€Å"watching athleticss on telecasting. listening to feature on the wireless. reading the athletics pages of the newspaper. watching/listening to athleticss intelligence on radio/television. reading athleticss books. reading athleticss magazines. and speaking about athleticss with friends† ( Spreitzer A ; Snyder. 1990. p. 51 ) . The findings revealed important consequence of race on athletics engagement regardless of respondents’ societal background features ( i. e. . age. sex. instruction. income. town size ) . Blacks tend to be more involved in athletics than White persons. The writers argued that the findings reflect a typical subculture within the black community. Rudman ( 1986 ) examined the relationship between race. societal construction. and sport orientations. The chief end of the survey was to see whether factors that affect athletics orientations are race-dependant. The consequences showed Blacks to be more likely than White persons to go vicariously involved in athletics results and to integrate athletics into their day-to-day 12 lives. Based on the overall analyses. the writer argued that societal and economic conditions provide a better account of differences in athletics orientations. He used the term â€Å"culture of poverty† to bespeak that socioeconomic places are more likely to do boor inkinesss and peasant Whites see sport as an chance to heighten societal prestigiousness and economic place. At the college degree. Armstrong ( 2001 ) examined cultural minority students’ ingestion of college athletics events. The cultural minorities included African Americans. Asians. Hispanics. and â€Å"Others† . She looked at the grade of cultural minority students’ involvement in athletics spectating. the frequence in which they attend university sponsored sport events. and the factors that influence their determination to go to campus athletics events. Eight factors were tested to see their influence on the students’ attending. The factors are the monetary value of the tickets. academic committedness. important others. friends. watching the event on telecasting. the option to pass money on other things. non cognizing when tickets are available. the quality of the opposition. The factors identified had no important influence on students’ attending. The findings indicate that cultural minority pupils by and large had a favourable attitude towards athletics spectating. However. about 44 % of the pupil stated that they neer attend a campus athletics event. 41 % stated that they rarely attended. and 15 % have attended frequently. The writer contended that minority pupils had a favourable attitude toward athletics spectating but they neer or rarely attend athletics events on campus because they view these events as directed to a specific group ( i. e. . dominant cultural group ) . For minority pupils to be motivated to go to. the athletics event has to be socially and culturally relevant to the students’ cultural background. In professional athletics. Zhang. Pease. Hui. A ; Michaud ( 1995 ) and Zhang. Pease. Smith. Lee. Lam. A ; Jambor ( 1997 ) indicated that factors such as game publicities. comfortss. and schedule convenience influenced cultural minorities’ attending otherwise and more significantly than they did Whites’ . Therefore. athletics sellers should stress the sociocultural factors ( i. e. . offering different cultural nutrients at the grant stands. playing different cultural music. doing proclamation in different linguistic communications ) in advancing athletics ingestion of cultural minority consumers ( Armstrong. 2001 ; Hofacre A ; Burman. 1992 ; McCarthy A ; Stillman. 1998 ) . 13 In a direct connexion to the current probe. old surveies have found differences on the motives of athletics fans based on ethnicity. Wann. Bilyeu. Brennan. Osborn. A ; Gambouras ( 1999 ) investigated the relationship between athletics fans’ motive and race. A sample of 65 Euro-Americans and 32 African Americans completed the Sport Fan Motivation Scale ( SFMS ) . The SFMS. developed by Wann ( 1995 ) . includes eight motivational factors ( eustress. self-esteem benefit. recreation from mundane life. amusement value. economic value. aesthetic value. necessitate for association. and household demands ) . The findings indicated that Euro-Americans reported higher motive than African Americans. The writers argued that certain motivations might be applicable to merely a subset of races. In a recent survey. Bilyeu and Wann ( 2002 ) examined the racial differences in athletics fan motive between African Americans and European Americans. First. 50 African American participants completed a demographic questionnaire and an interview with the research worker to discourse their motivations for being a athletics fan. Second. the motivations discovered from the interviews were sent to African American psychologists and sociologists for proof. Third. the new motivations were added to the SFMS. so the African American and European American participants were asked to finish the SFMS. The findings suggested that three new factors be added to the SFMS: â€Å"representation ( e. g. . people of the same background ) . similarity ( e. g. . people they have things in common with ) . and support/perceived greater equality ( e. g. . people they want to win ) † ( Bilyeu A ; Wann. 2002. p. 93 ) . Armstrong ( 2002 ) indicated that old probes of motive for athletics ingestion were non applicable to Blacken consumers because the samples used in these probes were preponderantly White. Therefore. she added a cultural association motivation to the SFMS. developed by Wann ( 1995 ) . and administered it to a sample of lone Black consumers of athletics. The findings supported the hypotheses that cultural association is a feasible motivation for Black’s athletics ingestion. In add-on. the factor construction of the SFMS with the inclusion of the cultural association motivation differed from old surveies ( Wann. 1995 ; Wann. Schrader. A ; Wilson. 1999 ) . Therefore. the Black Consumer’ Sport Motivation Scale ( BCSMS ) was introduced including the undermentioned factors: eustress. group diversion. aesthetics. cultural association. group amusement. flight. and 14 personal ( economic/psychological ) investing. At the decision of the survey. the writer stated. â€Å"behaviors and motivations related to feature ingestion may besides be influenced by the societal and psychological manifestations of culture† ( Armstrong. 2002. p. 329 ) . In drumhead. although research on cultural individuality for athletics fans is really limited. a strong relationship was found between athletics consumers’ cultural individuality and athletics ingestion and orientation. Besides. the differences found on the motives for athletics fans based on ethnicity. should bespeak a strong relationship between athletics fans’ motive and cultural individuality. However. it is the end of this probe to analyze this relationship.